I. Nhanganyaya
MaPhospholipids iboka remafuta ari zvikamu zvakakosha zvema membrane emasero. Maumbirwo awo akasiyana, ane musoro unogara uchinyura mumvura uye miswe miviri isingapindi mvura, anobvumira maphospholipid kuumba maumbirwo akaita sezvikamu zviviri, zvichishanda sechipingamupinyi chinoparadzanisa zviri mukati memasero kubva kune nharaunda yekunze. Basa iri remaumbirwo rinokosha pakuchengetedza kusimba uye kushanda kwemasero muzvinhu zvipenyu zvese.
Kutumirana mameseji nekutaurirana kwemasero inzira dzakakosha dzinoita kuti masero agone kutaurirana pamwe chete uye nharaunda yawo, zvichibvumira mhinduro dzakarongeka kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokurudzira. Masero anogona kudzora kukura, kukura, uye mabasa akawanda emuviri kuburikidza nemaitiro aya. Nzira dzekutumirana mameseji dzemasero dzinosanganisira kutapurirana kwemashoko, akadai semahormone kana ma neurotransmitters, ayo anowanikwa nema receptors ari pa membrane yesero, zvichikonzera kuwanda kwezviitiko zvinozopedzisira zvaita kuti masero apindure.
Kunzwisisa basa remaphospholipid mukutumirana kwemasero uye kutaurirana kwakakosha pakuburitsa pachena kuoma kwekutaurirana kwemasero uye kurongana kwawo. Kunzwisisa uku kune zvakunoreva zvakanyanya muminda yakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira biology yemasero, pharmacology, uye kugadzirwa kwemishonga yakanangwa yezvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana. Nekuongorora kubatana kwakaoma pakati pemaphospholipid nekutumirana kwemasero, tinogona kuwana ruzivo rwemaitiro ekutanga anodzora maitiro emasero uye mashandiro awo.
II. Maumbirwo ePhospholipids
A. Tsananguro yeMaumbirwo ePhospholipid:
MaPhospholipids mamorekuru emumvura, zvichireva kuti ane nzvimbo dzinokwezva mvura (dzinokwezva mvura) uye dzinodzinga mvura (dzinodzinga mvura). Chimiro chikuru chephospholipid chine molekyuli yeglycerol yakasungirirwa kune cheni mbiri dzemafuta acid uye boka remusoro rine phosphate. Miswe yehydrophobic, inoumbwa necheni dzemafuta acid, inoumba mukati me lipid bilayer, nepo mapoka emusoro wehydrophilic achibatana nemvura pamusoro pemukati nekunze kwemembrane. Kurongeka uku kwakasiyana kunobvumira maphospholipid kuzviunganidza ega kuita bilayer, nemiswe yehydrophobic yakatarisa mukati uye misoro yehydrophilic yakatarisana nenzvimbo dzemvura mukati nekunze kwesero.
B. Basa rePhospholipid Bilayer muCell Membrane:
Fospholipid bilayer chikamu chakakosha chemukati memasero, chinopa chipingamupinyi chinopinda nekubuda mumasero chinodzora kufamba kwezvinhu mukati memasero. Kupinda kwemasero uku kwakakosha pakuchengetedza nharaunda yemukati memasero uye kwakakosha pakuita zvinhu zvakaita sekutorwa kwezvinovaka muviri, kubviswa kwemarara, uye dziviriro kubva kune zvinokuvadza. Kupfuura basa rayo rekuvaka, phospholipid bilayer inoitawo basa guru mukutumirana kwemashoko nekutaurirana kwemasero.
Muenzaniso we fluid mosaic we cell membrane, wakakurudzirwa naSinger naNicolson muna 1972, unosimbisa hunhu hwe membrane hune simba uye hwakasiyana, ine phospholipids inofamba nguva dzose uye mapuroteni akasiyana-siyana akapararira mukati me lipid bilayer. Maumbirwo aya akasimba akakosha mukubatsira masero kusaina uye kutaurirana. MaReceptors, maion channels, uye mamwe mapuroteni ekutumira zviratidzo akaiswa mukati me phospholipid bilayer uye akakosha pakuziva zviratidzo zvekunze uye kuzvitumira mukati mesero.
Uyezve, hunhu hwema phospholipids, hwakadai sekuyerera kwawo uye kugona kugadzira lipid rafts, hunokanganisa kurongeka uye kushanda kwema membrane proteins anobatanidzwa mu cell signaling. Maitiro e dynamic ema phospholipids anokanganisa nzvimbo uye mashandiro ema signal proteins, nokudaro zvichikanganisa kunyatsojeka uye kushanda kwenzira dzesignaling.
Kunzwisisa hukama huripo pakati pemaphospholipids nemaumbirwo nekushanda kwemembrane yesero kune zvakunoreva zvikuru kune akawanda maitiro ehupenyu, kusanganisira masero ekugara zvakanaka, kukura, uye chirwere. Kubatanidzwa kwe phospholipid biology nekutsvaga kwemasero kunoenderera mberi kuburitsa ruzivo rwakakosha muhunhu hwekutaurirana kwemasero uye kune vimbiso yekuvandudzwa kwenzira itsva dzekurapa.
III. Basa rePhospholipids muKuratidza Masero
A. Phospholipids seMamorekuru Anoratidza Zviratidzo
MaPhospholipid, sezvinhu zvakakosha zvema membrane emasero, akabuda semamorekuru akakosha ekutumira zviratidzo mukutaurirana kwemasero. Mapoka emusoro we phospholipids anonyungudika mumvura, kunyanya ayo ane inositol phosphates, anoshanda sevatumwa vechipiri vakakosha munzira dzakasiyana dzekutumira zviratidzo. Semuenzaniso, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) inoshanda semorekuru yekutumira zviratidzo nekucheka kuita inositol trisphosphate (IP3) uye diacylglycerol (DAG) mukupindura kune zvinokonzeresa kunze kwemasero. Aya mamorekuru ekutumira zviratidzo anowanikwa mumafuta anoita basa guru mukudzora mazinga ecalcium mukati memasero uye kuita kuti protein kinase C ishande, nokudaro achigadzirisa maitiro akasiyana-siyana emasero anosanganisira kuwanda kwemasero, kusiyana, uye kufamba.
Uyezve, maphospholipid akadai sephosphatidic acid (PA) uye lysophospholipids ave achizivikanwa semamorekuru anozivisa zvinokanganisa zvakananga mhinduro dzemasero kuburikidza nekudyidzana nezvinangwa zveprotein chaiyo. Semuenzaniso, PA inoshanda semurevereri mukuru mukukura kwemasero nekuwanda kwawo nekuita kuti mapuroteni anozivisa zviratidzo ashande, nepo lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) ichibatanidzwa mukudzora mashandiro ecytoskeletal, kupona kwemasero, uye kufamba. Mabasa aya akasiyana-siyana emaphospholipid anoratidza kukosha kwawo mukuronga macascade akaomarara ezviratidzo mukati memasero.
B. Kubatanidzwa kwePhospholipids muNzira dzeKutumira Zviratidzo
Kubatanidzwa kwephospholipids munzira dzekutumira zviratidzo kunoratidzwa nebasa rayo guru mukugadzirisa mashandiro emareceptor akabatana nemembrane, kunyanya mareceptor eG protein-coupled (GPCRs). Kana ligand yabatana neGPCRs, phospholipase C (PLC) inotanga kushanda, zvichikonzera hydrolysis yePIP2 uye kugadzirwa kweIP3 neDAG. IP3 inokonzera kuburitswa kwecalcium kubva muzvitoro zvemukati memasero, ukuwo DAG ichitanga kushanda neprotein kinase C, zvichizoguma nekudzora kugadzirwa kwemajini, kukura kwemasero, uye kutapurirana kwesynaptic.
Uyezve, phosphoinositides, boka re phospholipids, inoshanda senzvimbo dzekuisa zviratidzo zvemapuroteni anobatanidzwa munzira dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira idzo dzinodzora kutengeserana kwemembrane uye actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Kubatana kuripo pakati pe phosphoinositides nemapuroteni adzo anobatanidzwa kunobatsira mukudzora kwezviitiko zvezviratidzo munzvimbo nenguva, nokudaro zvichigadzira mhinduro dzemasero kune zvinokonzeresa kunze kwemuviri.
Kubatanidzwa kwakawanda kwemaphospholipids munzira dzekutumira zviratidzo zvemasero uye nzira dzekutumira zviratidzo kunoratidza kukosha kwawo sevatongi vakuru vehomeostasis yemasero uye mashandiro awo.
IV. Phospholipids uye Kutaurirana Kwemukati memasero
A. Phospholipids muIntracellular Signaling
MaPhospholipid, boka remafuta ane boka rephosphate, anoita basa guru mukuita zviratidzo mukati memasero, achironga maitiro akasiyana-siyana emasero kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa kwawo muzviratidzo zvemasero. Muenzaniso mumwe wakakurumbira iphosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), phospholipid iri mu plasma membrane. Mukupindura kune zvinokonzeresa kunze kwemasero, PIP2 inokamurwa kuita inositol trisphosphate (IP3) uye diacylglycerol (DAG) ne enzyme phospholipase C (PLC). IP3 inokonzera kuburitswa kwecalcium kubva muzvitoro zvemukati memasero, nepo DAG ichimutsa protein kinase C, pakupedzisira ichidzora mabasa akasiyana-siyana emasero akadai sekuwanda kwemasero, kusiyana, uye kurongekazve kwe cytoskeletal.
Pamusoro pezvo, mamwe maphospholipid, anosanganisira phosphatidic acid (PA) uye lysophospholipids, akaonekwa seakakosha mukuratidzwa kwezviratidzo mukati memasero. PA inobatsira mukutonga kukura kwemasero uye kuwanda kwawo nekushanda semushandi wekugadzira mapuroteni akasiyana-siyana ekuratidzwa. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) yave ichizivikanwa nekubatanidzwa kwayo mukuchinja kwehupenyu hwemasero, kufamba, uye cytoskeletal dynamics. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvinoratidza mabasa akasiyana-siyana uye akakosha emaphospholipid semamorekuru ekuratidzwa mukati memasero.
B. Kudyidzana kwePhospholipids nemaProteins nemaReceptors
MaPhospholipid anoshandawo nemapuroteni akasiyana-siyana uye mareceptor kuti agadzirise nzira dzekutumira masaini mumasero. Zvinonyanya kukosha kuti maphosphoinositides, boka diki remaphospholipid, anoshanda senzvimbo dzekutora uye kumutsa mapuroteni ekutumira masaini. Semuenzaniso, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) inoshanda senzira yakakosha yekutonga kukura kwemasero uye kuwanda kwawo nekutora mapuroteni ane pleckstrin homology (PH) domains kuplasma membrane, nokudaro ichitanga zviitiko zvekutumira masaini. Uyezve, kubatana kwakasimba kwemaphospholipid nemapuroteni ekutumira masaini uye mareceptor kunobvumira kudzora kwakaringana kwezviitiko zvekutumira masaini mumasero.
Kudyidzana kwemaphospholipid nemapuroteni nemareceptor kunoratidza basa rawo guru mukuchinja kwenzira dzekutumira mameseji mukati memasero, zvichizopedzisira zvabatsira mukudzora mashandiro emasero.
V. Kudzora kwePhospholipids muSignaling yeSero
A. MaEnzayimu uye Nzira Dzinobatanidzwa muKugayiwa kwePhospholipid
MaPhospholipid anodzorwa nenzira inochinja-chinja kuburikidza ne network yakaoma yemaenzymes uye nzira, zvichipesvedzera kuwanda kwawo uye mashandiro awo mukutumira masaini mumasero. Imwe nzira yakadaro inosanganisira kugadzirwa uye kutenderera kwephosphatidylinositol (PI) uye phosphorylated derivatives yayo, inozivikanwa sephosphoinositides. MaPhosphatidylinositol 4-kinases uye phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinases maenzymes anokonzera phosphorylation yePI panzvimbo dzeD4 neD5, achigadzira phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) uye phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), zvichiteerana. Kusiyana neizvi, maphosphatases, akadai sephosphatase uye tensin homolog (PTEN), dephosphorylate phosphoinositides, achidzora mazinga awo uye kukanganisa masero ekutumira masaini.
Uyezve, kugadzirwa kwe phospholipids, kunyanya phosphatidic acid (PA), kunosanganisirwa nema enzymes akaita se phospholipase D uye diacylglycerol kinase, ukuwo kuora kwavo kuchikonzereswa nema phospholipases, kusanganisira phospholipase A2 uye phospholipase C. Mabasa aya e enzyme anodzora pamwe chete huwandu hwe bioactive lipid mediators, zvichikanganisa maitiro akasiyana-siyana ekutumira masaini emasero uye zvichibatsira mukuchengetedza homeostasis yemasero.
B. Mhedzisiro yeMutemo wePhospholipid paMaitiro eKuratidza Masero
Kudzora maphospholipids kunobatsira zvikuru pakuita kwezviratidzo zvemasero nekuchinja mashandiro emamorekuru akakosha ezviratidzo uye nzira. Semuenzaniso, kuchinja kwePIP2 nephospholipase C kunogadzira inositol trisphosphate (IP3) uye diacylglycerol (DAG), zvichikonzera kuburitswa kwecalcium mukati memasero uye kushanda kweprotein kinase C, zvichiteerana. Kupararira uku kwezviratidzo kunokanganisa mhinduro dzemasero dzakadai se neurotransmission, kusimba kwemhasuru, uye kushanda kwemasero ekudzivirira muviri.
Uyezve, kuchinja kwehuwandu hwephosphoinositides kunokanganisa kuunganidzwa uye kuvhurwa kwemapuroteni e effector ane lipid-binding domains, zvichikanganisa maitiro akadai se endocytosis, cytoskeletal dynamics, uye kufamba kwemasero. Pamusoro pezvo, kudzora huwandu hwePA ne phospholipases uye phosphatases kunokanganisa kutengeserana kwemembrane, kukura kwemasero, uye nzira dzekutumira lipid.
Kubatana kuripo pakati pekushandiswa kwe phospholipid metabolism uye masero ekutumira zviratidzo kunoratidza kukosha kwekugadziriswa kwe phospholipid mukuchengetedza mashandiro emasero uye kupindura kune zvinokonzeresa kunze kwemasero.
VI. Mhedziso
A. Pfupiso yeMabasa Akakosha ePhospholipids muKuratidza neKutaurirana kweSero
Muchidimbu, maphospholipid anoita basa guru mukuronga mashandiro ekutumira masaini emasero uye kutaurirana mukati memasisitimu ehupenyu. Kusiyana kwemaumbirwo avo uye mashandiro avo kunoita kuti vashande sevanodzora mhinduro dzemasero nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, nemabasa makuru anosanganisira:
Sangano reMembrane:
MaPhospholipid ndiwo anoumba zvidimbu zvikuru zvema membrane emasero, zvichigadzira chimiro chekupatsanurwa kwezvikamu zvemasero uye nzvimbo yemapuroteni ekutumira masaini. Kugona kwawo kugadzira lipid microdomains, senge lipid rafts, kunokanganisa kurongeka kwenzvimbo dzemasaini ekutumira masaini uye kudyidzana kwawo, zvichikanganisa kutsanangurwa kwezviratidzo uye kushanda zvakanaka.
Kutamiswa kweChiratidzo:
MaPhospholipid anoshanda senzira huru dzekubatanidza zviratidzo zvekunze kwemasero mumhinduro dzemukati memasero. MaPhosphoinositides anoshanda senzira dzekuratidza zviratidzo, achichinja mashandiro emapuroteni akasiyana-siyana anobatsira, nepo mafree fatty acids ne lysophospholipids zvichishanda senzira dzechipiri, zvichipesvedzera kushanda kwema cascade ekuzivisa zviratidzo uye kuratidzwa kwemajini.
Kuchinja Kwezviratidzo Zvesero:
MaPhospholipid anobatsira mukudzora nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekutumira zviratidzo, achidzora maitiro akadai sekuwanda kwemasero, kusiyanisa, apoptosis, uye mhinduro dzemuviri. Kubatanidzwa kwavo mukugadzira bioactive lipid mediators, kusanganisira eicosanoids nesphingolipids, kunoratidza zvakare simba ravo pamanetiweki ekutumira zviratidzo ekuzvimba, metabolic, uye apoptotic.
Kutaurirana Pakati Pemasero:
MaPhospholipid anobatanidzwawo mukutaurirana pakati pemasero kuburikidza nekuburitswa kwemafuta anobatsira, akadai seprostaglandins neleukotrienes, ayo anogadzirisa mashandiro emasero nematishu ari pedyo, achidzora kuzvimba, kuona marwadzo, uye mashandiro etsinga dzeropa.
Kubatsira kwemaphospholipid mukutumirana kwemashoko nekutaurirana kwemasero kunoratidza kukosha kwawo mukuchengetedza homeostasis yemasero uye kubatanidza mhinduro dzemuviri.
B. Nzira dzeRemangwana dzeKutsvaga nezvePhospholipids muCellular Signaling
Sezvo mabasa akaomarara ephospholipids mukutumira masaini mumasero achiramba achiburitswa pachena, nzira dzinoverengeka dzinonakidza dzekutsvaga mune ramangwana dzinobuda, dzinosanganisira:
Nzira dzekudzidzisa mitauro yakasiyana-siyana:
Kubatanidzwa kwenzira dzepamusoro dzekuongorora, dzakadai se lipidomics, ne molecular ne cellular biology kuchawedzera kunzwisisa kwedu kwenzvimbo nenguva kwe phospholipids mukuita zviratidzo. Kuongorora kutaurirana pakati pe metabolism ye lipid, kutengeserana kwe membrane, uye cellular signaling kuchaburitsa pachena nzira itsva dzekutonga uye zvinangwa zvekurapa.
Maonero eBiology yeMasisitimu:
Kushandisa nzira dzebiology dzemasisitimu, kusanganisira masvomhu uye kuongorora network, kuchaita kuti pave nekujekeswa kwepasi rose kwe phospholipids pama cellular signaling networks. Kutevedzera kudyidzana kuripo pakati pe phospholipids, ma enzymes, uye ma signaling effectors kuchajekesa hunhu hwe emergent uye nzira dzemhinduro dzinotonga kurongeka kwenzira ye signaling.
Migumisiro yekurapa:
Kuongorora kusashanda zvakanaka kwemaphospholipids muzvirwere zvakaita sekenza, zvirwere zvetsinga, uye zvirwere zve metabolic syndromes, kunopa mukana wekugadzira mishonga yakanangana nayo. Kunzwisisa mabasa emaphospholipids mukufambira mberi kwechirwere uye kuona nzira itsva dzekugadzirisa mashandiro avo kune vimbiso yenzira dzekurapa dzakarurama.
Mukupedzisa, ruzivo rwuri kuramba ruchiwedzera rwemaphospholipids uye kushanda kwawo kwakaoma mukutumirana kwemashoko nekutaurirana kwemasero zvinopa mukana unonakidza wekuenderera mberi nekutsvaga uye mukana wekushandura muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekutsvagisa kwezvekurapa.
Mareferensi:
Balla, T. (2013). Phosphoinositides: mafuta madiki ane simba guru pakudzora masero. Physiological Reviews, 93(3), 1019-1137.
Di Paolo, G., & De Camilli, P. (2006). Phosphoinositides mukudzora masero uye dynamics yemembrane. Nature, 443(7112), 651-657.
Kooijman, EE, & Testerink, C. (2010). Phosphatidic acid: chinhu chikuru chiri kubuda mukupa zviratidzo zvemasero. Trends in Plant Science, 15(6), 213-220.
Hilgemann, DW, & Ball, R. (1996). Kudzora nzira dze cardiac Na(+), H(+)-exchange uye K(ATP) potassium nePIP2. Science, 273(5277), 956-959.
Kaksonen, M., & Roux, A. (2018). Maitiro e endocytosis inofambiswa ne clathrin. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 19(5), 313-326.
Balla, T. (2013). Phosphoinositides: mafuta madiki ane simba guru pakudzora masero. Physiological Reviews, 93(3), 1019-1137.
Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., & Walter, P. (2014). Molecular Biology yeSero (chinyorwa chechitanhatu). Sainzi yeGarland.
Simons, K., & Vaz, WL (2004). Maitiro emuenzaniso, lipid rafts, uye masero emukati. Ongororo Yegore Negore yeBiophysics uye Biomolecular Structure, 33, 269-295.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-29-2023
